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Peptide Science & Research Notes

Notes from the bench, for the research community

Independent write-ups on peptide chemistry, purity testing, stability, synthesis, and the published literature — written for researchers, by people who spend their time around a lab bench.

BPC-157 in Preclinical Literature: A Research Overview

A look at how BPC-157 has been studied in animal and in vitro models, and what the current body of preclinical literature does and doesn't tell us.

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A Brief History of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Research

From Gila monster venom to dual and triple agonists — how four decades of incretin research produced today's most-studied peptide class.

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Understanding Peptide Purity: What 99%+ Actually Means

HPLC, mass spectrometry, and Certificates of Analysis — how purity is actually measured, and what the number on a CoA does and doesn't guarantee.

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Peptide Stability: Storage, Reconstitution, and Handling in the Lab

Why peptides degrade, how temperature and light exposure accelerate it, and the handling practices that keep a sample research-grade.

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How Peptide Synthesis Works: SPPS Explained

A walkthrough of solid-phase peptide synthesis — the method behind essentially every research peptide on the market today.

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Lyophilization vs. Liquid Peptides: Research Considerations

Why most research peptides ship freeze-dried, and the tradeoffs a lab should weigh before choosing a lyophilized or liquid format.

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Cold Chain Logistics for Peptide Research Shipments

What actually happens to a peptide shipment between a supplier's freezer and a lab bench, and where the cold chain most often breaks down.

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Growth Hormone Secretagogues: How Sermorelin, CJC-1295, and Ipamorelin Differ

A comparative look at GHRH analogs and ghrelin mimetics, and how these compounds fit into two distinct mechanistic categories.

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GHK-Cu in the Research Literature: Copper Peptides and Tissue Remodeling

What GHK-Cu is, how it was discovered, and what the in vitro and animal literature says about its role in tissue remodeling research.

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NAD+ Research: Precursors, Cellular Pathways, and Open Questions

What NAD+ does in the cell, why direct NAD+ vs. precursor compounds matters for research design, and what the literature does and doesn't establish.

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Comparing GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Receptor Agonism: Tirzepatide and Retatrutide Side by Side

How dual and triple incretin receptor agonists differ mechanistically, and what multi-receptor engagement adds compared to single-target compounds.

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Endotoxin and Sterility Testing: Why It Matters Beyond Purity

Chemical purity and biological safety are different questions. How endotoxin and sterility testing work, and why a high purity number doesn't answer them.

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Disulfide Bonds and Secondary Structure: Why Some Peptides Are Harder to Synthesize

How disulfide bonds form, why they complicate solid-phase peptide synthesis, and what oxidative folding actually involves.

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Melanocortin Receptor Peptides: PT-141 and Melanotan II in the Research Literature

How the melanocortin receptor family works, and what distinguishes PT-141 and Melanotan II mechanistically within the preclinical literature.

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